A comparative study of the origins and patterns of political violence and nonviolent resistance in contemporary Europe. When and how do cultural traits, such as ethnicity, religion, or language, become politicized? Under what conditions is violence more likely to take place in some regions and during particular historical periods? Why are civilians targeted on the basis of their cultural identities? When is political violence gendered? How are peace and war officially and unofficially commemorated across the European states? How do states achieve both peace and justice in the aftermath of wars? These questions are addressed by critically assessing existing theories and explanations in political violence literature across social science and humanities disciplines. In addition to analyzing conditions conducive to political violence, students also examine processes and practices of violence prevention and conflict management. This course is only available through the European Studies Program. This course is only available through the European Studies Program. Prerequisite: Only open to students admitted to the European Studies program.